********************************************************************************
/*

This file provides the Stata code necessary to reconstruct the tables and 
figures reported in James D. Kim, "U.S. Diplomatic Visits and Allies' Military
Spending," Foreign Policy Analysis, forthcoming

This code will use three datasets:
	1. visit_defspending_final.dta
		-This dataset is used to produce Tables 1 and 2 and Tables A1-A4, A6-A8, 
		and Figure A1 in the Online Appendix
	2. visit_milspending-placebo.dta
		-This dataset is used to produce Table A5 in the Online Appendix
	3. Figure1.dta
		-This dataset is used to produce Figure 1 in paper

Date: July 19, 2024

*/
********************************************************************************

********************************************************************************
*Begin by changing the directory 
*Note to users: modify the line of code below so that it matches the relevant location on your computer
********************************************************************************

cd "/Users/jamesdkim/Library/CloudStorage/Dropbox/Working Papers/Leadership Visits and Military Expenditures/FPA Second R&R/Replication files submission"

********************************************************************************
********************************************************************************
********************************************************************************
*Main Paper
********************************************************************************
********************************************************************************
********************************************************************************


********************************************************************************
*Figure 1: Distribution of the U.S. Presidential Visits
********************************************************************************

use Figure1, clear

twoway tsline pre_def_visit pre_tot_visit

********************************************************************************
*Figure 2: Mean Level Change in Allies' Defense Spending after Early-Year President's Visits
********************************************************************************
use visit_milspending_final, clear

xtset ccode year
eststo clear

graph bar defspend_ch, ///
over(visit_nolameduck_official, relabel(1 "Without Early-Year Presidential Visits" 2 "After Early-Year Presidential Visits")) ///
graphregion(color(white)) ytitle(Percentage Change in Defense Expenditures) ///
bar(1, color(gs10))  bar(2, color(gs10)) 

graph export "bivariate.eps", as(eps) preview(on) replace


********************************************************************************
*Table 1: Main Regression Results
********************************************************************************

**Model 1-4: Last years both terms
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model1
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model2
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model3
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model4
**Model 5-8: Last years in second term only
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model5
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model6
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model7
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model8

esttab using table1.tex, replace label se nodepvars booktabs alignment(l) width(0.8\hsize) ///
b(3)  addn(Robust standard errors are clustered by countries and in parentheses.) /// 
star(+ 0.10 * 0.05 ** .01 *** .001) stats(N r2, label("N Obs." "Overall $R^2$")) nogaps scalars("N Obs." "R squared" ) ///
title(Regression Analysis of U.S. Presidential Visit and Military Expenditure\label{reg1})

********************************************************************************
*Counerfactual mentioned in paper
********************************************************************************

*Predicted values for each observation
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
predict yhat

*Example 1: South Korea
g visit_cf=visit_nolastyear_official
replace visit_cf=0 if _n==1740

xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_cf visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)

predict yhat2
list defspend_ch yhat yhat2 year if _n==1740

*Example 2: UK
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
predict yhat3

g visit_cf2=visit_nolameduck_official
replace visit_cf2=0 if _n==1006

xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_cf2 visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)

predict yhat4
list defspend_ch yhat3 yhat4 year if _n==1006


** Appendix
***Table 1: Alternate DV: Defense spending "level" per GDP
**Model 1-4: Last years both terms
xtreg defspend_rgdp L.defspend_rgdp visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model1
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_rgdp L.defspend_rgdp visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model2
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_rgdp L.defspend_rgdp visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model3
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_rgdp L.defspend_rgdp visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model4
**Model 5-8: Last years in second term only
xtreg defspend_rgdp L.defspend_rgdp visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model5
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_rgdp L.defspend_rgdp visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model6
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_rgdp L.defspend_rgdp visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model7
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_rgdp L.defspend_rgdp visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model8

esttab using table2.tex, replace label se nodepvars booktabs alignment(l) width(0.8\hsize) ///
b(3)  addn(Robust standard errors are clustered by countries and in parentheses.) /// 
star(+ 0.10 * 0.05 ** .01 *** .001) stats(N r2, label("N Obs." "Overall $R^2$")) nogaps scalars("N Obs." "R squared" ) ///
title(Alternate dependent variable: The level of defense spending per GDP\label{reg2})


***Table 2: Including stopovers, vacations, multilateral conference attendances
**Model 1-4: Last years both terms
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear visit_lastyear demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if official ==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model1
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear visit_lastyear demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if official ==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model2
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear visit_lastyear demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode if official ==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model3
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear visit_lastyear demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if official ==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model4
**Model 5-8: Last years in second term only
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck visit_lameduck demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if official ==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model5
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck visit_lameduck demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if official ==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model6
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck visit_lameduck demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode if official ==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model7
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck visit_lameduck demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if official ==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model8

esttab using table3.tex, replace label se nodepvars booktabs alignment(l) width(0.8\hsize) ///
b(3)  addn(Robust standard errors are clustered by countries and in parentheses.) /// 
star(+ 0.10 * 0.05 ** .01 *** .001) stats(N r2, label("N Obs." "Overall $R^2$")) nogaps scalars("N Obs." "R squared" ) ///
title(Including stopovers, vacations, multilateral conference attendances\label{reg3})


***Table 3: Excluding Latin American continent
**Model 1-4: Last years both terms
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if region == 2 | region ==4 | region ==5 | landcontig==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model1
* Year FE
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if region == 2 | region ==4 | region ==5 | landcontig==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model2
* Country FE
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode if region == 2 | region ==4 | region ==5 | landcontig==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model3
* Additional controls
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if region == 2 | region ==4 | region ==5 | landcontig==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model4
**Model 5-8: Last years in second term only
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if region == 2 | region ==4 | region ==5 | landcontig==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model5
* Year FE
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if region == 2 | region ==4 | region ==5 | landcontig==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model6
* Country FE
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode if region == 2 | region ==4 | region ==5 | landcontig==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model7
* Additional controls
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if region == 2 | region ==4 | region ==5 | landcontig==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model8

esttab using table4.tex, replace label se nodepvars booktabs alignment(l) width(0.8\hsize) ///
b(3)  addn(Robust standard errors are clustered by countries and in parentheses.) /// 
star(+ 0.10 * 0.05 ** .01 *** .001) stats(N r2, label("N Obs." "Overall $R^2$")) nogaps scalars("N Obs." "R squared" ) ///
title(Excluding South American allies\label{reg4})


***Table 4: Excluding November & December
**Model 1-4: Last years both terms
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if novdec ==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model1
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if novdec ==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model2
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode if novdec ==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model3
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if novdec ==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model4
**Model 5-8: Last years in second term only
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if novdec ==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model5
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if novdec ==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model6
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode if novdec ==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model7
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if novdec ==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model8

esttab using table5.tex, replace label se nodepvars booktabs alignment(l) width(0.8\hsize) ///
b(3)  addn(Robust standard errors are clustered by countries and in parentheses.) /// 
star(+ 0.10 * 0.05 ** .01 *** .001) stats(N r2, label("N Obs." "Overall $R^2$")) nogaps scalars("N Obs." "R squared" ) ///
title(Excluding November and December visits\label{reg5})


***Table 5: Placebo test with non-allies***
use visit_milspending-placebo, clear

**Model 1-4: Last years both terms
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear visit_lastyear demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if pact_us_b==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model1
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear visit_lastyear demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if pact_us_b==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model2
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear visit_lastyear demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.ccode if pact_us_b==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model3
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear visit_lastyear demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if pact_us_b==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model4
**Model 5-8: Last years in second term only
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck visit_lameduck demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if pact_us_b==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model5
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck visit_lameduck demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if pact_us_b==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model6
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck visit_lameduck demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.ccode if pact_us_b==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model7
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck visit_lameduck demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if pact_us_b==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model8

esttab using table6.tex, replace label se nodepvars booktabs alignment(l) width(0.8\hsize) ///
b(a3)  addn(Robust standard errors are clustered by countries and in parentheses.) /// 
star(+ 0.10 * 0.05 ** .01 *** .001) stats(N r2, label("N Obs." "Overall $R^2$")) nogaps scalars("N Obs." "R squared" ) ///
title(Placebo test: Pre-alliance periods\label{reg6})


** Table 6: Defense spending trend and presidential visits
use visit_milspending_final, clear

* Lagged DV
logit vis_us_b1 L2.defspend_ch i.region i.year, robust cluster(ccode)

* Past 2 years average
logit vis_us_b1 dstrend_2 i.region i.year, robust cluster(ccode)


***Table 7: Using MIC instead of MID
**Model 1-4: Last years both terms
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.miccount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model1
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.miccount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model2
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.miccount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model3
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.miccount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model4
**Model 5-8: Last years in second term only
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.miccount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model5
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.miccount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model6
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.miccount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model7
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.miccount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model8

esttab using table7.tex, replace label se nodepvars booktabs alignment(l) width(0.8\hsize) ///
b(3)  addn(Robust standard errors are clustered by countries and in parentheses.) /// 
star(+ 0.10 * 0.05 ** .01 *** .001) stats(N r2, label("N Obs." "Overall $R^2$")) nogaps scalars("N Obs." "R squared" ) ///
title(Alternate Conflict Involvement Variable: The MIC Dataset\label{reg7})


***Table 8: The effects of diplomatic visits during the first and second terms of the presidency
**Model 1-4: Visits in the First Term
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if termlimit_l1==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model1
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if termlimit_l1==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model2
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode if termlimit_l1==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model3
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolastyear_official visit_lastyear_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if termlimit_l1==0, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model4
**Model 5-8: Visits in the Second Term
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region if termlimit_l1==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model5
* Year FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry i.year i.region if termlimit_l1==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model6
* Country FE
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.ccode if termlimit_l1==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model7
* Additional controls
xtreg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch visit_nolameduck_official visit_lameduck_official demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry nukes_us_b affinity_us l_postcw i.region if termlimit_l1==1, robust cluster(ccode)
eststo model8

esttab using table8.tex, replace label se nodepvars booktabs alignment(l) width(0.8\hsize) ///
b(3)  addn(Robust standard errors are clustered by countries and in parentheses.) /// 
star(+ 0.10 * 0.05 ** .01 *** .001) stats(N r2, label("N Obs." "Overall $R^2$")) nogaps scalars("N Obs." "R squared" ) ///
title(Diplomatic visits during the first and second terms of the presidency\label{reg8})


** Figure 1: Interaction with years in office
reg defspend_ch L.defspend_ch i.vis_us_b1##i.tenure_l1 demo ln_cinc L.midcount realgdp growth landcontig viol rivalry l_postcw i.region, robust cluster(ccode)
margins, dydx(vis_us_b1) at(tenure_l1==(1 (1) 4))
marginsplot


** Figures 2-7: Panel Matching
** Use R script file titled "FPA-PanelMatch-JDK.R" 
